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Browsing: Diary of John Adams, Volume 2
Docno: ADMS-01-02-02-0006-0008-0003
Date: 1776-07-30
[Notes of Debates on the Articles of Confederation, Continued] July 30. 1776.
Dr. Franklin. Let the smaller Colonies give equal Money and Men, and then have an equal Vote. But
if they have an equal Vote, without bearing equal Burthens, a Confederation upon such
iniquitous Principles, will never last long.1
Dr. Witherspoon. We all agree that there must and shall be a Confederation, for this War. It will
diminish the Glory of our Object, and depreciate our Hope. It will damp the Ardor
of the People. The greatest danger We have is of Disunion among ourselves. Is it not
plausible, that the small States will be oppressed by the great ones. The Spartans
and Helotes—the Romans and their Dependents.
Every Colony is a distinct Person. States of Holland.2
Clark. We must apply for Pardons, if We dont confederate....
Wilson.... We should settle upon some Plan of Representation.3
Chase. Moves that the Word, White, should be inserted in the 11. Article. The Negroes are
wealth. Numbers are not a certain Rule of wealth. It is the best Rule We can lay down.
Negroes a Species of Property—personal Estate. If Negroes are taken into the Computation
of Numbers to ascertain Wealth, they ought to be in settling the Representation. The
Massachusetts Fisheries, and Navigation ought to be taken into Consideration. The
young and old Negroes are a Burthen to their owners. The Eastern Colonies have a great
Advantage, in Trade. This will give them a Superiority. We shall be governed by our
Interests, and ought to be. If I am satisfied, in the Rule of levying and appropriating
Money, I am willing the small Colonies may have a Vote.4
Wilson. If the War continues 2 Years, each Soul will have 40 dollars to pay of the public
debt. It will be the greatest Encouragement to continue Slave keeping, and to increase
them, that can be to exempt them from the Numbers which are to vote and pay.... Slaves
are Taxables in the Southern Colonies. It will be partial and unequal. Some Colonies
have as many black as white.... These will not pay more than half what they ought.
Slaves prevent freemen cultivating a Country. It is attended with many Inconveniences.5
{ 246 } Lynch. If it is debated, whether their Slaves are their Property, there is an End of the
Confederation. Our Slaves being our Property, why should they be taxed more than the
Land, Sheep, Cattle, Horses, &c. Freemen cannot be got, to work in our Colonies. It
is not in the Ability, or Inclination of freemen to do the Work that the Negroes do.
Carolina has taxed their Negroes. So have other Colonies, their Lands.
Dr. Franklin. Slaves rather weaken than strengthen the State, and there is therefore some difference
between them and Sheep. Sheep will never make any Insurrections.
Rutledge.... I shall be happy to get rid of the idea of Slavery. The
Slaves do not signify Property. The old and young cannot work. The Property of some
Colonies are to be taxed, in others not. The Eastern Colonies will become the Carriers
for the Southern. They will obtain Wealth for which they will not be taxed.
1. The committee of the whole was now debating Article XVII of Dickinson's draft, which
provided that each colony or state would have a single vote in Congress. (See entry
of 25 July and note 8 there.) Compare Franklin's speech as recorded here and also Witherspoon's (which
follows) with Jefferson's report of the same speeches in his Papers, 1:324–325.
3. Here follows a short interval of space in the MS, the only indication provided by the diarist that in what follows the committee had
shifted to a different and equally important issue, namely the provision in Article
XI of Dickinson's draft that the money contributions of the states should be “in Proportion
to the Number of Inhabitants of every Age, Sex and Quality, except Indians not paying
Taxes” (JCC, 5:548).
There is reason to believe that JA failed to note not only a change of subject but also a change in date between what
precedes and what follows this break in his MS notes. That the method of establishing tax quotas was debated on 31 as well as 30
July seems clear from Jefferson's Notes (Papers, ed. Boyd, 1:320), but JA passes over the 31st silently. More telling is the reference by Hooper, under 1 Aug., below, to the “Rule that was laid down Yesterday, that the Riches of a Country are
in Proportion to the Numbers of Inhabitants.” This almost certainly refers to the
opening of JA's own remarks reported by Jefferson; see the following note.
Debate on Article XVII was resumed on 1 Aug., q.v., below.
4. Compare Chase's speech as reported by Jefferson in his Papers, 1:320–321. The Chase amendment was not agreed to by the committee; see entry of
1 Aug., below, and note 2 there.
JA omits but Jefferson reports a speech by JA himself following Chase's (Jefferson, Papers, ed. Boyd, 1:321–322). For reasons mentioned in the preceding note it is likely that this speech
was given on 31 July, though since Jefferson divides his report of the debates on
confederation by topic rather than by date, this supposition cannot be verified.
Cite web page as: Founding Families: Digital Editions of the Papers of the Winthrops and the Adamses, ed.C. James Taylor. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2015.
http://www.masshist.org/apde2/
http://www.masshist.org/apde2/