1779 December 14. Tuesday. Walked once more to the Barracks and dry Docks. The Stones
with which these Works were constructed, were far inferiour to our Quincy North Common
Granite. They were not better than the South Common Stone. We went into the magnificent
Church of St. Julien, where We saw Numbers of Devotees upon their Knees, some before
the Altar and some before one Statue or Picture and some before another. This kind
of Devotion was much more fashionable in Spain than in France.
We had lodged en la Calle de La Madalena, junto coca, en casa de Pepala Botoneca,
i.e. in the Street of the Magdalen near the head, in the House of Pepala Botoneca.
I spent several Evenings with the French Consul Monsieur Detournelle, whom I found
a well bred and well informed Man. He was well read, and had been conversant with
the Writers on the Law of Nations, particularly in the Titles of those Laws relative
to Ambassadors and Consuls. He quoted several Writers on the Rights and Duties of
Ambassadors and Consuls and some on Ettiquette and the Formalities and Ceremonies
required of those Offices. He told me that the Office of French Consuls was regulated
by an ordinance of the King, but that some Nations had entered into particular Stipulations
with the King. That the Consuls of different Nations were differently treated by the
same Nation. That as Consul of France he had always claimed the Priviledges of the
most favoured Nation. That he carefully enquired what Priviledges were enjoyed by
the Consuls of England, Germany and Italy and demanded the highest Priviledges of
the Gentis amicissimae.
The Chief Magistrate of the Town of Ferrol, is The Corregidor. For the Province or
Kingdom of Gallicia, there is a Souvereign Court of Justice, which has both civil
and criminal Jurisdiction. In all criminal Cases it is without Appeal, but in some
civil Cases an Appeal lies to the Council at Madrid. There is no time allowed in criminal
Cases for an Application for Pardon, for they execute forthwith. Hanging is the Capital
Punishment. They burn sometimes but it is after death. There was lately a Sentence
for Parricide. The Law required that the Crimi•
{ 200 } nal should be headed up in a hogshead, with an Adder, a Toad, a Dog and a Cat and
cast into the Sea. But I was much pleased to hear that Spanish humanity had suggested
and Spanish Ingenuity invented a Device to avoid some part of the Cruelty and horror
of this punishment. They had painted those Animals on the Cask, and the dead body
was put into it, without any living Animals to attend it to its watery Grave. The
ancient Laws of the Visigoths are still in Use, and these, with the Institutes, Codes,
Novelles &c. of Justinian, the Cannon Law and the Ordinances of the King, constitute
the Laws of the Kingdom of Gallicia.
The Bread, the Colliflowers, the Cabbages, Apples, Pears, Beef, Pork and Poultry were
good. The Fish of several Sorts were good, excellent Eels, Sardines, and other Species,
and the Oysters were tolerable, but not equal to ours in America.
I had not seen a Chariot, Coach, Phaeton, Chaise or Sulky, since I had been in the
Place, very few Horses and those very small and miserably poor; Mules and Asses were
numerous but small. There was no Hay in the Country: The Horses, Mules &c. eat Wheat
Straw.
There had been no frost. The Verdure in the Gardens and Fields was fresh. The Weather
was so warm that the Inhabitants had no Fires, nor Fire Places, but in their Kitchens.
We were told We should have no colder Weather before May which is the coldest Month
in the Year. We found however, when We travelled in the Month of January in the Mountains,
Frost and Snow and Ice enough. But at this time and in this Neighbourhood of the Sea,
Men, Women and Children were seen in the Streets, with naked Legs and feet, standing
on the cold Stones in the mud, by the hour together. The Inhabitants of both Sexes
have black hair and dark Complexions, with fine black Eyes. Men and Women had long
hair ramilied down to their Waists and sometimes down to their Knees.
Though there was little Appearance of Commerce or Industry, except about the Kings
Docks and Yards and Works, yet the Town had some Symptoms of Growth and Prosperity.
Many new Houses were building of a Stone which comes from the rocky Mountains round
about, of which there are many. There were few goods in the Shops, little Show in
their Marketts, or on their Exchange. There was a pleasant Walk a little out of Town,
between the Exchange and the Barracks.
There were but two Taverns in the Town. Captain Chavagne and his Officers lodged at
one, at six Livres each a day. The other was kept by a Native of America, who spoke
English and French as well as
{ 201 } Spanish, and was an obliging Man. Here We could have lodged at a dollar a day each:
but where We were We were obliged to give an hundred and twenty nine dollars for six
days besides a multitude of other Expences, and besides being kept constantly unhappy
by an uneasy Landlady.
Finding that I must reside some Weeks in Spain, either waiting for the Frigate or
travelling through the Kingdom, I determined to look a little into the Language. For
which purpose I went to a Bookseller and purchased Sobrino's Dictionary in three Volumes
in Quarto, The Grammatica Castillana an excellent Spanish Grammar in their own Tongue,
and a Lattin Grammar in Spanish. My Friend Captain De Grasse made me a present of
a very handsome Grammar of the Spanish Tongue by Sobrino….
1 By the help of these Books, the Children as well as the Gentlemen of our little Company
were soon employed in learning the Language. To one who understood the Latin it seemed
to be easy and some of Us flatter'd ourselves, that in a Month We might be able to
read it, and understand the Spaniards as well as be understood by them. But experience
taught Us our Error and that a Language is very difficult to acquire especially by
Persons in middle Life.
Mr. Linde an Irish Gentleman, and Master of a Mathematical Accademy here, as well
as Mr. De Tournelle, says, that the Spanish Nation in general have been of Opinion
that the Revolution in America is a bad example to the Spanish Colonies, and dangerous
to the Interests of Spain, as the United States if they should become ambitious and
be seized with the Spirit of Conquest, might aim at Mexico and Peru. The Consul mentioned
the Opinion of Raynalle, that it was not for the Interest of the Powers of Europe,
that America should be independent.
To the Irish Gentleman I observed, that Americans hated War: that Agriculture and
Commerce were their Objects, and it would be their Interest, as much as that of the
Dutch to keep peace with all the World, untill their Country should be filled with
People, which could not be for Centuries. That War and the Spirit of Conquest were
the most diametrically opposite to their Interests, as they would divert their Attention,
Wealth, Industry, Activity, from a certain Source of Prosperity and even Grandeur
and Glory, to an uncertain one; nay to one, that it was certain never could be to
their Advantage. That the Government of Spain over her Colonies had always been such,
that she never could attempt to introduce such fundamental Innovations, as those by
which England had provoked and compelled Us to revolt. And the Spanish
{ 202 } Constitution was such, as could extinguish the first Sparks of discontent, and quell
the first risings of the People. That it was amazing to me, that a Writer so well
informed as Raynalle, could ever give an Opinion that it was not for the Interest
of the Powers of Europe, that America should be independent, when it was so easy to
demonstrate, that it was for the Interest of every one of them except England. That
they could loose nothing by it, but certainly every one of them would gain something,
and many of them a great deal.
Wee can see but a little Way into Futurity….If, in 1807, We look back for seven and
twenty Years, and consider what would have been the Consequence to Mexico and Peru
and all South America, and all the French and Spanish West India Islands, had the
United States remained subject to Great Britain, Mr. Linde and the Consul and the
whole Spanish Nation might be convinced, that they owe much to the American Revolution.
The English love War as much as We abhor it, and if they had now the American Cities
for Places of Arms, the American Harbours for Shelter, American Provisions for Supplies
and American Seamen and Soldiers for Reinforcements, by what tenure would France and
Spain hold their American Dominions?