Adams Family Correspondence, volume 12
Upon receiving this morning your Letter of the 21st: of last month, I recurred to mine of the 7th: in answer to which it was written. I was not conscious of
being displeased at your reading Chesterfield’s Letters, or at your having mentioned it
to me.— But in reading over my own letter again, I am not surprized at your having taken
it in that light.—1 No, my ever dear, and
valued friend, I am not displeased that you should have read the book, because it
contains many good [observ]ations, and many useful precepts: and your purity of heart
and discernment of [mind will] easily distinguish 106 them from the base
and corrupted lessons with which they [are] mingled. It was the author and the work with
which I was displeased, not with you for reading them.— Chesterfield by his own story
was a great scoundrel; a principled villain, and he gives as precepts, many rules which
strike at the very foundation of human society.— Perhaps besides all this, I have a
prejudice against him, even beyond what he deserves— Perhaps that in reading even his
just and reasonable instructions, I feel as if he was personally satyrising myself.—
Perhaps the interest I have that his doctrine about the extreme importance of the Graces
should be false, may have some share in forming my conviction that it is so.— If however
you wish to know the more immediate reason, which might render my letter so apparently
acrimonious, consult the book itself and read his Letter 300.— You will find in it a
certain anecdote about Lord Shaftesbury, which Chesterfield highly approves and
recommends as an example for imitation.— It so happened that just before I wrote my
letter to you that passage of the book fell in my way.— Now the conduct of Shaftesbury
as thus related appeared to me to form such a combination of meanness, of servility, of
falsehood and of profligacy, that I could not repress a sentiment of contempt and
indignation for a Man, who could mention it with applause, and hold it out as a lesson,
to his own son.—2 I am not indeed
altogether singular in my opinion of Chesterfields book, as you will perceive by an
epigram which I somewhere read several years ago,
If there was as much foundation for the second of these couplets as there certainly was for the first, it may serve as the best possible comment upon the Chesterfieldian system of education. The lessons of vice were successful; those of elegance were ineffectual. The serpent was able to instill his venom, but could not impart his power of fascination.
My brother is still at Paris and I am alone. I have not yet finally fixed upon the mode of my voyage, but believe I shall go by a 107 Danish vessel, directly from Amsterdam to Lisbon. I cannot express how much anxiety I suffer at the necessity of thus protracting the period of our union. I am engaged in a situation from which in the present state of things I cannot retreat. I can only hope for a Time of more tranquility, when I shall be at liberty to indulge my inclination for retirement, and the happiness which you only can bestow. My disappointment is aggravated by the sentiment of your’s, and the persuasion that our separation is no less distressing to you than to myself gives the keenest edge to my affliction.
The negotiation for Peace between France and Portugal, is broken off, and the Minister who conducted it has left France.4 What the next summer may produce cannot easily be conjectured. You have told me that you would not hesitate in any Event to accompany me to Lisbon, and in this determination I recognize with pleasure and gratitude the Spirit, that dictated it. I do not apprehend there would be any personal danger to you in that residence, but there may be circumstances which would subject you to inconveniences, and might render a removal at once difficult and necessary.
We have accounts from America to the 24th: of March. The news of the refusal to receive Mr:
Pinckney, and the prospect of a rupture with France, had occasioned considerable alarm.
I suppose however that there will be in England intelligence of a yet later date before
you receive this Letter.
Farewell, my best friend. Remember [me affection]ately to your Parents and Sisters. Present my respects to Miss Holling, and believe me ever tenderly your’s.
RC (Adams Papers); addressed: “Miss Louisa C. Johnson / London.” FC-Pr (Adams Papers); APM Reel 131. Tr (Adams Papers). Text lost where the seal was removed has been supplied from the FC-Pr.
In her letter to JQA of 21 April, LCA
apologized for reading Lord Chesterfield’s Letters … to His
Son, adding, “I shall certainly read the books you recommend with attention,
and endeavor to improve myself, that I may become a fit companion for my beloved
friend.” Her letter also reported that her family’s departure for the United States
had been delayed until July (Adams
Papers).
Chesterfield’s “Letter 300” argues that to gain social acceptance
men must employ “a ready conformity to whatever is neither criminal nor
dishonourable.” To demonstrate his point, Chesterfield relates a story about Anthony
Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1621–1683) and lord chancellor from 1672 to
1673, who curried favor with King Charles II by adopting the same interests—women.
Shaftesbury began keeping a prostitute and once he drew the king’s attention claimed
that “though he kept that one woman, he had several others besides,” leading the king
to characterize the earl as the “greatest whore-master in England” (Chesterfield, Letters … to His Son, 4 vols., London, 1787, 4:24–25;
DNB
).
This epigram was published in the Morning
Chronicle and London Advertiser, 30 Dec. 108 1784, and was
reprinted in New England in 1790; see, for example, the Windsor Spooner’s Vermont Journal, 12 May 1790, and Pittsfield,
Mass., Berkshire Chronicle, 3 June.
In Sept. 1796 JQA noted in his Diary that Antonio de
Araujo de Azevedo, the Portuguese minister to the Netherlands, was going to Paris as a
peace negotiator and would depart in early October. By April 1797 the negotiations had
stalled because Portugal refused to meet France’s conditions, namely an indemnity of
30 million francs, the cession of part of Brazil to Spain, and the closure of all
Portuguese ports to England. Having been given an ultimatum to agree to the conditions
or leave France, Araujo de Azevedo refused and departed Paris by 2 May. In July he
would be appointed a special envoy to France to again negotiate peace for Portugal,
for which see
TBA to AA, 17 Aug., and note 1, below
(D/JQA/24, 7, 30 Sept. 1796, APM Reel 27; Nouvelles
politiques, nationales et étrangères, 15, 30 April, 2 May 1797;
Repertorium
, 3:317).
8 May 1797]
I have written you three letters since my arrival here;1 this is the fourth, which I mention only for the sake of knowing whether you received them in order. It is very well known that I am here and some people might think it worth while to discover what I write to others
I have hitherto only one letter from you, and had not expected to have another until the last post, supposing you to have written as soon as you received my first letter from hence.2 The next I hope will bring one as I wish to learn what progress you have made in the accumulation of business and the state of preparation you are in for departure. My time is already half expired, and I have yet obtained no formal permission to remain here. I have however obtained a passport this day from the Minister of Police to return, and as it is valid for two decades only, you may calculate pretty nearly the time I shall set out.3
The weather has been so unfavorable for several days past that I
have in a great measure kept house, and therefore have seen little— Yesterday however I
visited the pantheon, ascended its majestic dome and from its summit beheld a spectacle
of grandeur & magnificence, surpassing all description. In point of Architecture the
building itself must be the first model of the universe. I descended also into the cave of honor and paid my homage at the tombs of Voltaire
& Rousseau—of the other worthies who once were thought
to merit such interment, there rests only the Coffins which contained their Corps
Mirabeau Le Peltier & Marat were not made for immortality. The miracle of justice, which condemned them to a pre mature
resurrection, consigned them in the opinions of many to endless infamy. There is a place
assigned for the General Dampiere, 109
110 but his pretentions have not yet stood the ten
years probation. It seems to me to be in some respects a wise, in others an erroneous
provision, which requires such a length of time to pronounce upon the merits of those
distinguished personages to whom the Country would testify its gratitude.4 The inscription on the façade of the Panthéon is
“Aux grands hommes, La patrie reconnoissante.” Real merit demands in my mind a speedier
recompense than after a ten years ordeal. On the other hand, the provision is calculated
to prevent improper intrusions, such as were perhaps those of the three persons above
named. Posterity will perhaps doubtless acknowledge
other great men than Voltaire & Rousseau. The History of France might perhaps
furnish such at this day— You remember that a deputy of the National Convention once
moved that honorable mention should be made of King John.
Upon the present plan the scale is much too partial.
From the pantheon I visited the “Jardin des plantes,” the same which Buffon improved & which improved Buffon. I am charmed with its arrangement, its order neatness and regularity. I could not get a sight of the Museum which is in it, but hope to some other day.5
I must not neglect to mention the National Museum at the Louvre. It
is some time since I saw it, but in my former letters I omitted speaking of it, in hopes
of seeing it again and being better able to describe it. The paintings are at present in
the utmost confusion; being placed from one end of the Gallery to the other upon the
floor & without frames, except a few— There is neither Catalogue or description of
them, which for a novice like myself in the art of a Connoisseur is particularly
unfortunate. The collection is magnificent already, though the gleanings of Italy have
not yet arrived; they are seen however at this moment under every disadvantage—6 The style of Claude Laurens is in my eye
the most pleasing of any I saw. It was with Mr: Rogers that
I saw the gallery, who unfortunately was as great a stranger as myself, and our
Conductor not being very expert at his trade we were unable to make up in any degree the
want of a Catalogue.
These are the principal objects that have as yet fallen under my
observation, except the Theatres, which I frequent regularly. I relish them much. The
Feydeau-Cidevant Théatre de Monsr: is my favorite
rendezvous. Molé & Fleury are I think superior to vestris; by this I mean only, that
I am more gratified by their performance than by his.7
Yesterday I discovered the dwelling of your old friend M. Arnoux.
It is the same as when you used to see him— He seemed much gratified at your remembrance
of him and expressed great attachment to our family— He introduced me to his kitchen
because there was no fire in his apartment. There I saw a female who was dressed in costume Cuisiniere, and to whom the old Gentleman mentioned
my name— She entered at once into conversation with me; asked me whe[re] you were, and
distinguished you by the name of M. le Gros. I told her you
were no longer the gros that you had been when she knew
you. She asked me a number of questions which seemed to me to partake much of naïveté; I
did not discover her relationship to the old man or in what capacity she is with him—
You will probably recollect her. M. A— offered me very politely his services and begged
me to mention any way in which he could be useful to me here. I told him that I knew of
none except it were to procure me the honor of his acquaintance. “He invited me to dine
with him,”8 as Yorrick says, and promised
at the same time to prepare a letter for you. During the reign of terror he past one
year in prison as he informed me.9
I have purchased some books and made a provisional bargain for Barboue’s edition of the classics—10 The price is 15 Louis; my finances will not admit of so great an expence at present, so that I shall leave this for a future negotiation.
The Councils of the Nation, which would naturally attract the curiosity of a traveller I have not yet seen, for two reasons: first because to gain admittance to one of them you must pay money; secondly, for the other you must have a card. I hope however to see the Directory tomorrow, being Decadé, whereon they are to receive some military trophies.11
I am as ever / your affectionate Brother
th:
P. S. I dined with our friend P— to day who delivered me your’s
of the 2d & 5th: currt: I hope to comply with your wishes for my return by the
25th: at least it will not be later than the 28th: according to my present calculation.12
I shall procure the books & laws you desire, if possible. P— tells me they can be had.
I observe in your letter to him that you notice the annunciation
of Mr: [M]——s arrival here as special envoy—13 I have mentioned the circumstance in one of my
letters. The report was published in the 112 Gazettes the day
previous to my arrival so that I did not give rise to it,
as was surmised by some of our friends. I have been positively assured that Mr M——s appointment is announced in a private letter from
Philada: but I could not learn to whom this letter came.
You will see how the Nouvelles Politiques speaks of the report and how it accounts for
it.14 My opinion on this subject I
try to keep to myself. The thing is generally wished, or pretended to be so.
Present me kindly to our friends, whom I thank for their civil enquiries. Tell Parker that he has an occasion to make an interesting groupe of the subjects under his hands.
I have been clearing off for ten days, my mass of Dutch bile— Imprimis purgare you know is the foundation of Medecine en France. I hope to return quite enlightened.
As before I am ever yours
RC (Adams
Papers); endorsed: “T. B. Adams. Paris. / 8–9. May. 1797. / 16. do: recd: / do: ansd:.” Some loss of text due
to a torn manuscript.
In addition to a letter of 26 April, above, TBA wrote letters to JQA on 30 April and 4 May, neither of which has been found (JQA to TBA, 5 May, LbC, APM Reel 130, and 9 May, below).
See JQA to TBA, 21 April, above.
For TBA’s French passport permitting his return to The Hague, see Descriptive List of Illustrations, No. 1, above.
The Church of Sainte Geneviève in Paris was renamed the Panthéon
in 1790 and designated a civic temple and burial place for esteemed Frenchmen. From
April 1791 Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Honoré Gabriel Historical Dictionary of the
French Revolution, Lanham, Md., 2004, p. 246, 247; Avner Ben-Amos, “Monuments
and Memory in French Nationalism,” History and Memory,
5:62 [Fall-Winter 1993]; Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générale
).
The Jardin du Roi, also called the Jardin des Plantes, was
founded in 1626 by Louis XIII. In 1739 French writer and naturalist Georges Louis
Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788), was appointed director of the gardens and the
Cabinet d’Histoire Naturelle therein. Under his stewardship significant additions were
made to the natural history collection, and the gardens were doubled in size. It
became a center for the study of the natural sciences and in 1793 was renamed the
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Toby A. Appel, The
Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate: French Biology in the Decades Before Darwin, N.Y.,
1987, p. 16; Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générale
). For JA’s visit
to the Jardin des Plantes in the spring of 1780, see vol. 3:332.
The main gallery of the Louvre closed to the public in 1796 in
order for the collection to be definitively arranged and a new floor to be installed.
During the closure temporary exhibitions were held in the museum’s Salon Carré and
Galerie d’Apollon. In April 1799 sections of the Grand Gallery reopened and were
devoted to the French and Northern schools. The sections with the confiscated Italian
collections were opened in 1801 (Andrew L. McClellan, “The Musée du Louvre as
Revolutionary Metaphor During the Terror,” Art Bulletin,
70:311 [June 1988]; Bette 113 W. Oliver, From Royal to National: The Louvre Museum and the Bibliothèque
Nationale, Lanham, Md., 2007, p. 48).
The Théâtre de Monsieur, a comic opera company in Paris, was
established by royal sanction in 1788 and operated from the Salle des Machines of the
Tuileries Palace until forced into temporary lodgings at the outset of the French
Revolution. The company opened a permanent theater in 1791 and changed its name to the
Théâtre Français et Italien de la rue Feydeau, or Théâtre Feydeau. François René Molé
(1734–1802) and Abraham Joseph Bénard (1751–1822), known by the stage name Fleury,
were two of the best known comedic actors of the period, both of whom were affiliated
with the Théâtre Feydeau in the mid-1790s. TBA was possibly comparing
Molé and Fleury to Marie Auguste Vestris (1760–1842), an Italian-French dancer with
the Paris Opera (F. W. J. Hemmings, Theatre and State in
France, 1760–1905, Cambridge, Eng., 1994, p. 69–71; Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générale
;
Debra Craine, The Oxford Dictionary of Dance, 2d ed.,
Oxford, 2010).
Likely, Laurence Sterne, A Sentimental
Journey through France and Italy. By Mr. Yorick, 2 vols., London, 1768,
2:158–159.
JQA had given TBA a letter of
introduction to the Abbé Guillaume Arnoux, who he fondly recalled from his time in
France with JA. Arnoux lived at No. 17 in the Place Vendôme, known as the
“Place des Piques” during the French Revolution. At the age of seventy in 1793 Arnoux
was imprisoned by the Revolutionary committee of the Place des Piques for favoring
aristocrats and spent over eleven months at St. Lazare prison (JQA to
Arnoux, [ca. 16 April 1797], LbC, APM Reel 130; R. Galliani, “Glanes,” Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 45:134
[Jan.–March 1973]). For the Adamses’ previous acquaintance with Arnoux, see vol. 5:440 and JA, Papers
, 16:329.
The Barbou publishing house in Paris was associated with an
edition of Latin classics comprising 76 volumes in 12, published under the Barbou
imprint from 1755 (Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générale
).
Between Oct. 1795 and Nov. 1799 the French legislature met in the
Tuileries Palace, with the Council of Five Hundred occupying the Manège (riding
school) and the Council of Elders meeting in the Salle des Spectacles (theater). The
Directory met in the Luxembourg Palace (George L. Craik, Paris, and its Historical Scenes, 2 vols., London, 1831, 1:102–103).
TBA visited the French legislature and the Directory shortly before he
left Paris, for which see his 24 July
1797 letter to AA
, below.
In addition to asking TBA to return by the 25th, JQA in his letter of 5 May requested several publications on French maritime law, especially as it pertained to American navigation (LbC, APM Reel 130).
For JQA’s letter to Joseph Pitcairn, 2 May, see JQA to TBA, 2 May, and note 3, above.
The Paris Nouvelles politiques,
nationales et étrangères published two notices about James Madison’s supposed
diplomatic appointment to France. On 22 April, the day TBA arrived in
Paris, a notice was published that Madison had arrived the previous day as an envoy
extraordinary to settle the differences between France and the United States. On the
30th the newspaper confirmed Madison’s appointment but reported that he had yet to
arrive in Paris.