Papers of John Adams, volume 20
e.Nov. 1789
Après avoir présenté à Votre Excellence, dans une précédente,
l’expression de mes sentimens sur son élevation au Poste éminent qu’Elle occupe,
permettez, Monsieur, qu’en les confirmant j’y ajoute aujourd’hui de nouvelles
félicitations sur les dignes Coopérateurs au bien public, qu’Elle vient d’acquérir par
la nomination aux Postes éminents de Secretaire d’Etat, Chef de Justice, & Trésorier
genl., de personnages d’un mérite aussi grand, &
universellement applaudi, que le sont Leurs Exces. MM. Th.
Jefferson, Jn. Jay, & Al. Hamilton.— Mon coeur, comprimé
par tout ce que je vois se passer autour de moi en Europe, se dilate à l’idée d’une
Administration, telle que le sera celle de la Confédération Américaine entre des mains
si sages & si habiles. Vous ferez honte, Messieurs, &, s. p. à Dieu, la leçon la
plus salutaire, à cette Europe; j’ose le prédire.— Dans ce moment j’apprends que le
Département de la Guerre est pareillement rempli par S.E. Mr. le Genl. Knox;1 &
je differe de finir la présente, pour le mander à Mr. Luzac, afin qu’il l’ajoute au
reste que je lui ai déjà com̃uniqué.— Dieu le bénisse aussi avec touts les autres,
le Législatif, l’exécutif, le judiciaire, le maritime, tout le peuple Américain, Madame
votre Epouse, famille, & votre Excellence, de qui je suis avec le plus respectueux
attachement, le très-humble, & trèsobéissant servit.
TRANSLATION
After having presented to your excellency, in a previous letter, the expression of my sentiments on your rise to the prestigious office that you hold, allow me, sir, to confirm them and add today new congratulations on the dignified collaborators for the public good whom you have recently acquired by the election to the prominent offices of secretary of state, chief justice, and secretary of the treasury, of individuals of equally great merit, and as universally applauded, as their excellencies Messrs. Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. My heart, wrung by all that I see happening around me in Europe, expands at the idea of an administration like the American Confederation in such wise and skillful hands. You will bring shame, the most salutary lesson, sirs, and if it please God, upon Europe; I dare predict it. This moment, I have learned that the Department of War is likewise filled by his excellency General Knox;1 and I leave 183 off finishing the present letter in order to send it to Mr. Luzac so that he may add it to the others that I have already delivered to him. God bless him too, with all the others, the legislative, the executive, the judiciary, the maritime, all the American people, madam your wife, family, and your excellency, of whom I am with the most respectful attachment, the most humble and obedient servant.
RC (Adams Papers); internal address: “A S. E. Mr. Jn.
Adams.”
News of the appointments of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Gen.
Henry Knox, and Thomas Jefferson reached Dumas by mid-November. While the Gazette de Leyde remained quiet on the news, the British
press reported favorably on the new department heads, singling out Knox as “extremely
well qualified,” and observing that “the New Government seems to be much liked, and an
opposition is scarcely heard of” (
Dipl. Corr., 1783–1789
, 3:650–651, 653–654;
London English Chronicle, 21 Nov.).
I am this day honor’d with your favor of the 16 September
I am happy to find that the affairs of America are in a state to fix a permanent line of Reimburssment, becoming thereby truely independant.
Notwithstanding the weight of Opossion against the leading Members of the National Assembly, the steddy perseverance of the few and the effectual support of the Marquis de La fayette in whose hands are the reigns of the National Troops. that the Motions made by the Patriote Committees are decretted by a Powerful majority
The Revolution is Compleat unless you regard leaving in the Person of the King a Susperiur Power and an hereditary Succession, [. . .] abuses both have limits that render the nation a Curb to infractions
the distinction of orders are Vanish’d, the Incorporated Bodies are Supprest, all provincial distinctions of charters Privalidges and Customs are destroy’d the formadable Body of the Parliaments and all Religious Orders Supprest. The Estates of the Clergy Sequester’d for the benefit of the Nation applicable to the discharge of the National Debt, the Courts of Justice suspended to the Establishment of a New Code—
The Old Mansion is thus entirely demolish’d and the materials are colected to A heap to be destroyd by time The Plan of the New fabrique is before the House of Assembly They have begun by the Ground Work, by a New division of the Kingdom into 80 equal parts 184 of 36 by 36 Leagues. called Departement, the 80 departments into 9 equal divivissions of 6 by 6 Leagues call’d Com̃unes or Districts. The Communes into 9 equal Divissions of 2 by 2 Leagues called Cantons or Primaires The Names of the Old Provinces have no longer existence
The present deliberations are imploy’d in organizing the Municipality’s. The Represtations are to take Rise from the Cantons or Primaires in the proportion of Population of 1 to 600 to form the provincial assemblys
from these outlines you see a methodique order establish’d by the Moteurs of the Revolution and all personalties being set asside and a general chain of Popular measures pursued. the People at large approve the measusurs and smother the murmurs of the discontented1
The Austrian Netherlands [. . .] in Arms have Publish’d
their manifest against the Souveregnety of the Emperor, but their principals motifs not springing from Liberal
Principles but from Religious fermentations fomented by discontented Religious Orders
who were supprest by order of Gouverment it is posible their resistence may prove a
Civil Slaughter without reaping any Solid advantages.2
I shall ship by the french Pacquet that will leave this in ten or fifteen Days the wine you have pleased to Commission3
If on application that will be made to you for Supplies of Wheat and flour from the Ministry of france should be complied with permit me to Solicite your Influence in my favor as your Agent for the Receipt of the Cargoes that may be addrest to this port4
with respectful Attatchment I have the Honor to be / Sir, / Your most Obedient / Humble Servant
RC (Adams Papers); internal address: “The Honble John
Adams Esq Vice President of Congress”; endorsed: “Bondfield / 20. Nov. 1789.” Some
loss of text due to an ink blot.
After the National Assembly’s abolition of the three estates and
renunciation of special privileges for provinces on 4 Aug., the French Revolution’s
political progress gained pace. The assembly dissolved all monasteries and convents on
28 Oct. and then confiscated church property amounting to an estimated 2.5 billion
livres. As Bondfield pointed out, Louis XVI held some power, but on 14 Dec., that,
too, changed when the assembly established new municipal governments and courts. By 15
Feb. 1790, France was divided into 83 departments of roughly equal size (Bosher, French
Rev.
, p. 140, 145, 148–149).
Beginning in 1781, Joseph II, emperor of Austria, conducted a
two-year program of political reforms that stripped away the power of the Roman
Catholic Church in the Austrian Netherlands. In a rapid series of edicts, he
suppressed monastic orders and reallocated their funds. He cut off formal contact with
officials in Rome and rejected the authority of papal bulls. The emperor pushed
through these changes without the consent of the States General, provoking his critics
in the Democrat and Statist parties to join 185 forces with the
Catholic clergy in revolt. In Dec. 1789, the States General proclaimed Joseph II’s
deposition and the establishment of a short-lived Republic of the United States of
Belgium. After Joseph II’s death on 20 Feb. 1790, his brother and successor, Leopold
II, recaptured the Austrian Netherlands (
Cambridge Modern
Hist.
, 6:648–655).
JA received his wine order of 16 Sept. 1789, above, via the
French packet Suffrein, Capt. Le Grand, which arrived in
New York on 15 May 1790 after a 53–day voyage from Bordeaux (New York Daily Advertiser, 17 May).
Hailstorms, drought, and a severe winter ravaged the French wheat crop in late 1788, inciting bread riots. As the shortage continued and bread prices skyrocketed, Thomas Jefferson noted that bakers set quotas, weekly subscriptions were collected to feed the poor, and dinner party guests were asked to bring their own bread. He relayed France’s need to at least one Virginia planter, Alexander Donald, who shipped 10,000 barrels of flour in Jan. 1789.
Although the grain shortage was often blamed on embattled finance
minister Jacques Necker, other members of the French government drew Jefferson into
the food crisis. On 6 July Honoré Gabriel Papers
,
15:243–256; Schama, Citizens
, p. 305, 324; Washington, Papers, Presidential
Series
, 4:282–284; Hamilton, Papers
, 6:230).