By Jeremy Dibbell

Happy Independence Day! To mark the occasion, a few digital highlights from our collections.

– The Dunlap Broadside: The first printing of the Declaration of Independence, created overnight on 4 July 1776. Copies of this broadside were read to announce independence in New York on 9 July and in Boston on 18 July. Only 26 copies of this broadside are known to exist (the 26th was recently discovered in the collections of the British National Archives). This is one of many important Declaration of Independence broadsides in the MHS collections.

– John Adams’ Draft Copy of the Declaration of Independence: At some point during the drafting process, John Adams made this handwritten copy of the early Declaration of Independence (he may even have sent this copy home to Abigail). It shows the text at a middle stage, before the full Continental Congress had its way with the draft. In the Adams Family Papers.

– Thomas Jefferson’s Manuscript Copy of the Declaration of Independence: A partial copy of an early version of the Declaration of Independence, in Jefferson’s hand. Given to the MHS by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur C. Washburn in 1893.

– John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776: In this letter, Adams predicts the great celebrations which would mark future Independence Days (but he suggests it will be 2 July, not 4 July, which would be so honored): “But the Day is past. The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as the great anniversary Festival. It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.” Congress voted for independence on 2 July, and approved the text of the Declaration two days later.

– Abigail Adams to John Adams, 21-22 July 1776: Here, Abigail describes hearing the Declaration read for the first time in Boston, on 18 July: “Last Thursday after hearing a very Good Sermon I went with the Multitude into Kings Street to hear the proclamation for independance read and proclamed. Some Field peices with the Train were brought there, the troops appeard under Arms and all the inhabitants assembled there (the small pox prevented many thousand from the Country). When Col. Crafts read from the Belcona of the State House the Proclamation, great attention was given to every word. As soon as he ended, the cry from the Belcona, was God Save our American States and then 3 cheers which rended the air, the Bells rang, the privateers fired, the forts and Batteries, the cannon were discharged, the platoons followed and every face appeard joyfull.Mr. Bowdoin then gave a  [illegible]  Sentiment, Stability and perpetuity to American independance. After dinner the kings arms were taken down from the State House and every vestage of him from every place in which it appeard and burnt in King Street. Thus ends royall Authority in this State, and all the people shall say Amen.”

By Jeremy Dibbell

By tradition, our July Object of the Month highlight tends to be related in some way to the Fourth of July. This year’s is no exception: it’s a broadside issued by the Foxborough Fourth of July Committee, informing the town’s residents that the Fourth of July celebrations will go forward as planned. In fact, the Committee suggests that “the observance of INDEPENDENCE DAY be carried out with renewed enthusiasm because the attempt to our PRESIDENT has so far been unsuccessful and will, it is hoped, undoubtedly fail.”

President James A. Garfield had been shot by Charles Guiteau just two days earlier at a Washington train station, where he was preparing to board a train for Massachusetts (he was to give a speech at his 25th college reunion at Williams College). The president clung to life for eighty days, suffering through various attempts by doctors to find and remove a bullet lodged near his spine. He died on 19 September, the second murdered president in two decades.

You can read more about the Foxborough broadside, Garfield, and Guiteau here.

By Jeremy Dibbell

The sharp-eyed crew from the MHS Publications department alerted me to a very interesting section in one of our collections, the John Pierce memoirs, 1788-1849 (Ms. N-714). Rev. Pierce (1773-1849) was the minister of the First Parish Congregational Church in Brookline, and was also a longtime member of the MHS (elected in 1809, and a member of the Council from 1813 through 1834).

In his eighteen-volume memoir, Pierce includes “death notices and sketches of other ministers, Harvard classmates of the Class of 1797, and others; notes on attendance at annual Harvard commencements and public exhibitions, conventions of Congregational ministers, dedications of churches and other institutions; and attendance at numerous meetings of local societies and clubs, among them the Mass. Bible Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Thursday lectures, Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others in North America, various temperance societies, Dudleian lectures at Harvard, and the Mass. Congregational Charitable Society. The volumes also contain notes on various journeys and visits with individuals, his work as a minister, Boston ministers, and Harvard classmates; and copies of letters” (text from the collection description).

In the first volume of a “new series” of his memoir, begun in June 1843, Pierce wrote a short introduction to the project, noting that he as a Harvard student he began “to write certain memoranda.” In January 1806, he continues, he “procured a bound volume, and began … to make a more formal record, than I had before attempted.” His original series, including transcriptions of his pre-1806 notes, filled ten volumes, and covered “a period of precisely forty years.” Pierce writes that he did not originally intend to continue keeping such a record, but “though on the borders of threescore years and ten, as my health remains so firm, I have concluded to prolong my Memoirs, so long as God shall continue the ability for such a service.”

Following this brief introduction, Pierce writes “I intend, that all these volumes, lettered on the back, Memoirs, shall be deposited by my Executor or Administrator, be they more or fewer, in the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

“My reasons are, that this is the place expressly designed for such deposits, where they will be will kept most safely, and can be consulted most conveniently.

“Were they left to my family, it is probable, that they would, ere long, be scattered, defaced, and lost.

“But in a public Library, where no Manuscripts are allowed to be taken away, they stand the best chance of preservation.

“These Memoirs are not such as I could desire, being written without alteration or amendments, as the events, which they relate, transpired. I doubt not, that many errors may be detected, and that many of the records may savor of the prejudices and partial judgments of their writer.

“But such as they are, they are bequeathed, without reserve to The Massachusetts Historical Society by one of its devoted members, John Pierce.”

Following his death in 1849, Pierce’s memoirs did come to the Historical Society as per his wishes. They remain available for convenient consultation to this day, both in original form and in the form of long extracts published in various volumes of the Proceedings.

By Jeremy Dibbell

Well I have to say I can’t quite believe what I’m about to write. Literally hours after typing up my short introduction to the “Anonymous cipher diary“, I decided to spend a little time surfing around on Google Books and see what I could find in terms of 18th century short-hand manuals. There are a few there, but I was positively shocked to hit paydirt on the second title in the list! James Weston’s Stenography Compleated, or the art of short-hand brought to perfection was first published in 1727; Google Books has scanned a copy of the 1743 edition, and right there on page 30 [XXX] is what may be the smoking gun: the months of the year:

These match those used by our anonymous writer exactly. Here are the first short entries for 1789, showing the notations for January, February, April, May, June, July, and August (please pardon my fingers). Our writer appears to be adding some punctuation markings, which I still have to figure out, and I’m not entirely sure just yet just how much of Weston’s system our diarist is using – some portions of the short-hand seem to be homegrown. But confirming the months gives us much more of a start on actually reading this diary than I thought possible even a few hours ago.

You just never know when serendipity will strike, I guess. And now I know what I’ll be up to this weekend! More on my findings and on the possible identity of our diarist on Monday.

By Jeremy Dibbell

One of the items in our collections I find most intriguing is the “Anonymous cipher diary, 1776-1845” (known by its call number, Ms. Sbd-133). It is a small bound volume containing ciphered or shorthand notations broken down by years, months, and days, with long entries on one side of the sheets and shorter entries on the opposite side. The writer used Arabic numerals, so tracking years and dates is possible, and the notations for each month are evident from the entries. Beyond that, the contents are almost a complete mystery (and since the years covered by the diary are of some considerable interest, I’ve long thought it would be fascinating to try and puzzle this out).

The diary was given to MHS member (and former president) Judge John Davis in 1841 by Theophilus Parsons [Jr.] (1797-1882), a legal scholar and longtime Dane Professor of Law at Harvard. A note on the first pages of the diary, written on 27 March 1845 by Davis, reads:

“This book, probably a Diary, I received from Theophilus Parsons, Esq. in the year 1841. It was found in his father’s Library after his decease, its origin and contents unknown. I hoped to find some person of sufficient skill in stenography, to decipher the pages. But it is still, to me & those whom I have consulted, a Sealed Book. With the consent of my friend from whom I rec’d [the] Book, it is now offered to the acceptance of the Mass. Hist’l Society. The late B.L. Oliver who had some skill in stenography, tho’ unacquainted with the characters in this volume, expressed to me an opinion that it was a diary of a Clerygman, perhaps as has been conjectured, of Rev. Moses Parsons of Byfield. But the entries extend to 1799 – sixteen years after the death of that gentleman. J. Davis.”

Theophilus Parsons [Sr.] (1749-1813), a well-known Massachusetts politician (of the Federalist persuasion), jurist and the chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court from 1806 to 1813, left an extensive library at his death; when it was sold at auction in 1814, the catalog ran to twenty-three printed pages. Among the volumes in his collection, and apparently retained for a time by the Parsons family, was this curious little book. The man consulted by Davis about the diary was Benjamin Lynde Oliver, Jr., (1788-1843), a legal author (and noted chess player). In his diary (which is held at MHS as part of the Oliver Family Papers), Oliver writes on Saturday, 13 August 1842 “Go to see Judge Davis & get of him his treatise on shorthand, which is supposed to be the one used in the Mss. Book he lent me to decipher.” Over the next several months, Oliver reports additional visits with Davis, but does not mention the manuscript again (so far as I have been able to determine).

In his note, Davis records the “conjecture” that perhaps the diary had been written by Rev. Moses Parsons (1716-1783), the father of Theophilus. But, as he helpfully points out, Moses died well before the diary entries stop. Perhaps there is another clergyman member of the Parsons family who might have kept a ciphered diary? I’ll examine a possible (and potentially really fascinating) contender in a future post. In the meantime, if anyone out there recognizes this method of shorthand, I’d certainly be fascinated to hear any insight you can provide.

By Jeremy Dibbell

Our “Object of the Month” for May is a letter from Massachusetts governor John A. Andrew to Francis Shaw. In the letter, dated 30 January 1863, Governor Andrew lays out his reasons for forming what would become the 54th Massachusetts, the first regular army regiment of African American soldiers raised in the North during the Civil War. Enclosed with the letter was a note to Francis’ son Robert, offering him command of the regiment. Francis Shaw personally carried Andrew’s letter to his son, then in winter encampment with the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry in Virginia. Robert was at first not entirely enthused about the idea, but his father proved persuasive … and the rest, as they say, is history.

You can read the whole story, see digital versions and transcriptions of Andrew’s letters to Francis and Robert Gould Shaw, and get ideas for further reading and research here.